Zero Order Costing Package

The zero order costing module contains the costing package typically used for zero order models, though it can also be used for high-fidelity models. Technoeconomic data used for zero order models is contained in the .yaml file for that model located in the data/techno_economic folder. The zero order costing module extends functionality of the Detailed WaterTAP Costing Package to support loading parameters from pre-defined .yaml files. It has the same technoecnomic factors as the Detailed WaterTAP Costing Package but with different parameter values.

Usage

The ZeroOrderCosting class contains all the variables and constraints needed to cost a unit model derived from the Zero Order Unit Model Base Class. It also inherits the functionality of the WaterTAP Costing Framework.

The code below shows an outline of how the ZeroOrderCostingData class is intended to be used to cost zero-order type models.

from pyomo.environ import ConcreteModel

from idaes.core import FlowsheetBlock

from watertap.costing.zero_order_costing import ZeroOrderCosting
from watertap.core.wt_database import Database
from watertap.core.zero_order_properties import WaterParameterBlock
from watertap.unit_models.zero_order import MyZOUnit


m = ConcreteModel()
m.db = Database()
m.fs = FlowsheetBlock(dynamic=False)
m.fs.params = WaterParameterBlock(solute_list=["comp_a", "comp_b", "comp_c"])
m.fs.costing = ZeroOrderCosting()
m.fs.unit = MyZOUnit(property_package=m.fs.params, database=m.db)

# Add necessary statements to fix component flows prior to solve

Costing Zero Order Models

The ZeroOrderCostingData class includes variables and constraints necessary to calculate process-wide costs:

Cost

Variable

Name

Description

Total capital cost

\(C_{ZO,tot}\)

total_capital_cost

Total capital cost

Unit capital cost

\(C_{ZO,u}\)

aggregate capital_cost

Unit processes capital cost

Total operating cost

\(C_{op,tot}\)

total_operating_cost

Total operating cost for unit process

Total fixed operating cost

\(C_{op,fix}\)

total_fixed_operating_cost

Total fixed operating cost for unit process

Total variable operating cost

\(C_{op,var}\)

total_variable_operating_cost

Total variable operating cost for unit process

Land cost

\(C_{land}\)

land_cost

Cost of land for unit process

Working capital cost

\(C_{work}\)

working_capital

Working capital for unit process

Salary cost

\(C_{sal}\)

salary_cost

Salary cost for unit process

Benefits cost

\(C_{ben}\)

benefits_cost

Benefits cost for unit process

Maintenance cost

\(C_{maint}\)

maintenance_cost

Maintenance cost for unit process

Laboratory cost

\(C_{lab}\)

laboratory_cost

Laboratory cost for unit process

Insurance & taxes cost

\(C_{ins}\)

insurance_and_taxes_cost

Insurance & taxes for unit process

Total annualized cost

\(C_{annual}\)

total_annualized_costs

Total cost on a annualized basis

Calculations for each of these costs are presented below.

Costing Index and Technoeconomic Factors

Costing indices are available in default_case_study.yaml located in the data/techno_economic folder.

WaterTAP uses the CE (Chemical Engineering) Cost Index to help account for the time-value of investments and are used in the capital and operating cost calculations. Unit process capital costs are adjusted to the year of the case study. The default year is 2018.

Other technoeconomic factors used to calculate various system metrics, capital, and operating costs are presented in the table below:

Cost factor

Variable

Name

Default Value

Description

Plant capacity utilization factor

\(f_{util}\)

utilization_factor

100%

Percentage of year plant is operating

Plant lifetime

\(L\)

plant_lifetime

30 yr

Expected lifetime of unit process

Electricity price

\(P\)

electricity_cost

$0.0595/kWh

Electricity price in 2019 USD.

Land cost factor

\(f_{land}\)

land_cost_percent_FCI

0.15%

Unit process land cost as percentage of capital cost

Working capital cost factor

\(f_{work}\)

working_capital_percent_FCI

5%

Unit process working capital cost as percentage of capital cost

Salaries cost factor

\(f_{sal}\)

salaries_percent_FCI

0.1%

Unit process salaries cost as percentage of capital cost

Maintenance cost factor

\(f_{maint}\)

maintenance_costs_percent_FCI

0.8%

Unit process maintenance costs as percentage of capital cost

Lab cost factor

\(f_{lab}\)

laboratory_fees_percent_FCI

0.3%

Unit process laboratory costs as percentage of capital cost

Insurance/taxes cost factor

\(f_{ins}\)

insurance_and_taxes_percent_FCI

0.2%

Unit process insurance & taxes cost as percentage of capital cost

Benefits cost factor

\(f_{ben}\)

benefit_percent_of_salary

90%

Unit process benefits cost as percentage of salary costs

Weighted average cost of capital factor

\(f_{wacc}\)

wacc

5%

Weighted average cost of capital over plant lifetime

Capital recovery factor

\(f_{crf}\)

capital_recovery_factor

6.51%

Calculated from default \(f_{WACC}\) and \(L\) values

The capital recovery factor is calculated with:

\[f_{crf} = \frac{ f_{wacc} (1 + f_{wacc}) ^ L}{ (1 + f_{wacc}) ^ L - 1}\]

Capital Cost Calculations

In general, unit process capital costs \(C_{ZO,u}\) for zero order unit models are a function of flow:

\[C_{ZO,u} = A \bigg( \frac{Q_{in}}{Q_{basis}} \bigg) ^ {B}\]

\(Q_{basis}\), \(A\), and \(B\) are specific to the unit model and can be found in the unit model .yaml file. The \(A\) value has units of USD for the costing reference year of the unit. For example, if the unit costing model is from a reference that used 2015 USD, the units for \(A\) are USD_2015. After calculating the costs in 2015 USD, WaterTAP adjusts the cost to the user-specified year via the Consumer Price Index.

The total capital cost of a zero order model \(C_{ZO,tot}\) includes the land cost \(C_{land}\) and working capital costs \(C_{work}\):

\[C_{ZO,tot} = C_{ZO,u} + C_{land} + C_{work}\]

Where:

\[\begin{split}& C_{land} = f_{land} C_{ZO,u} \\\\ & C_{work} = f_{work} C_{ZO,u}\end{split}\]

Custom Capital Cost Methods

There are several zero order models that have costing relationships that do not follow this general form. If that is the case, a custom costing method can be added to the unit model class to perform that calculation.

Zero order models that have custom capital costing methods include:

  • Brine concentrator - cost_brine_concentrator()

  • CANDOP - cost_CANDOP()

  • Chemical addition - cost_chemical_addition()

  • Chlorination - cost_chlorination()

  • Coagulation/Flocculation - cost_coag_and_floc()

  • Deep well injection - cost_deep_well_injection()

  • DMBR - cost_dmbr()

  • Electrochemical nutrient removal - cost_electrochemical_nutrient_removal()

  • Evaporation pond - cost_evaporation_pond()

  • Filter press - cost_filter_press()

  • Fixed bed - cost_fixed_bed()

  • GAC - cost_gac()

  • Landfill - cost_landfill()

  • MABR - cost_mabr()

  • Ion exchange - cost_ion_exchange()

  • Iron/Manganese removal - cost_iron_and_manganese_removal()

  • Metab - cost_metab()

  • Nanofiltration - cost_nanofiltration()

  • Ozone - cost_ozonation()

  • Ozone + AOP - cost_ozonation_aop()

  • Photothermal membrane - cost_photothermal_membrane()

  • Sedimentation - cost_sedimentation()

  • Storage tank - cost_storage_tank()

  • Surface discharge - cost_surface_discharge()

  • UV irradiation - cost_uv()

  • UV + AOP - cost_uv_aop()

  • Well field - cost_well_field()

To add a custom capital calculation method, the unit model class must register its custom costing method by setting its default_costing_method attribute.

Operating Cost Calculations

Total operating costs for zero order models \(C_{op,tot}\) include fixed \(C_{op,fix}\) and variable operating costs \(C_{op,var}\):

\[C_{op,tot} = C_{op,fix} + C_{op,var}\]

The total fixed operating costs are calculated as:

\[C_{op,fix} = C_{sal} + C_{ben} + C_{maint} + C_{lab} + C_{ins}\]

Where:

\[\begin{split}& C_{sal} = f_{sal} C_{ZO,u} \\\\ & C_{ben} = f_{ben} C_{sal} \\\\ & C_{maint} = f_{maint} C_{ZO,u} \\\\ & C_{lab} = f_{lab} C_{ZO,u} \\\\ & C_{ins} = f_{ins} C_{ZO,u}\end{split}\]

Variable operating costs include any chemical additions, electricity costs, and other variable costs such as equipment replacements.

\[C_{op,var} = C_{chem} + C_{elec} + C_{other} + C_{op,tot}\]

Chemical costs are based on the chemical dosage for a given chemical addition. Default chemical costs are found in default_case_study.yaml. The annual chemical costs are calculated as:

\[C_{chem} = \sum_{k}^{n} D_k C_k Q_{in} f_{util}`\]

Where \(D\) is the dose of chemical \(k\) and \(C\) is the unit cost of chemical \(k\).

Electricity costs \(C_{elec}\) are based on the energy intensity \(E\) of the unit process (see individual unit model documentation for details). The annual electricity costs are calculated as:

\[C_{elec} = E Q_{in} f_{util} P\]

LCOW Calculation

The Levelized Cost Of Water (LCOW) [$/m3] is a metric used to assess the technoeconomics of a unit process:

\[LCOW = \frac{ f_{crf} C_{ZO,tot} + C_{op,tot} }{Q f_{util} }\]

Other aggregates, like specific energy consumption, are provided through the WaterTAP Costing Framework: Aggregates Metrics.

Class Documentation